君子之学必好问。问与学,相辅而行者也。非学无以致疑,非问无以广识;好学而不勤问,非真能好学者也。理明矣,而或不达于事;识其大矣,而或不知其细,舍问,其奚决焉?
贤于己者,问焉以破其疑,所谓“就有道而正”也。不如己者,问焉以求一得,所谓“以能问于不能,以多问于寡”也。等于己者,问焉以资切磋,所谓交相问难(nàn),审问而明辨之也。《书》不云乎?“好问则裕。”孟子论:“求放心”,而并称曰“学问之道”,学即继以问也。子思言“尊德性”,而归于“道问学”,问且先于学也。
古之人虚中乐善,不择事而问焉,不择人而问焉,取其有益于身而已。是故狂夫之言,圣人择之,刍荛(ráo)之微,先民询之,舜以天子而询于匹夫,以大知而察及迩言,非苟为谦,诚取善之弘也。三代而下,有学而无问,朋友之交,至于劝善规过足矣,其以义理相咨访,孜孜焉唯进修是急,未之多见也,况流俗乎?
是己而非人,俗之同病。学有未达,强以为知;理有未安,妄以臆度。如是,则终身几无可问之事。贤于己者,忌之而不愿问焉;不如己者,轻之而不屑问焉;等于己者,狎xiá之而不甘问焉,如是,则天下几无可问之人。人不足服矣,事无可疑矣,此唯师心自用耳。夫自用,其小者也;自知其陋而谨护其失,宁使学终不进,不欲虚以下人,此为害于心术者大,而蹈之者常十之八九。
不然,则所问非所学焉:询天下之异文鄙事以快言论;甚且心之所已明者,问之人以试其能,事之至难解者,问之人以穷其短。而非是者,虽有切于身心性命之事,可以收取善之益,求一屈己焉而不可得也。嗟乎!学之所以不能几(jī)于古者,非此之由乎?
且夫不好问者,由心不能虚也;心之不虚,由好学之不诚也。亦非不潜心专力之故,其学非古人之学,其好亦非古人之好也,不能问宜也。
智者千虑,必有一失。圣人所不知,未必不为愚人之所知也;愚人之所能,未必非圣人之所不能也。理无专在,而学无止境也,然则问可少耶?《周礼》,外朝以询万民,国之政事尚问及庶人,是故贵可以问贱,贤可以问不肖,而老可以问幼,唯道之所成而已矣。
孔文子不耻下问,夫子贤之。古人以问为美德,而并不见其有可耻也,后之君子反争以问为耻,然则古人所深耻者,后世且行之而不以为耻者多矣,悲夫!
jun zi zhi xue bi hao wen 。wen yu xue ,xiang fu er xing zhe ye 。fei xue wu yi zhi yi ,fei wen wu yi guang shi ;hao xue er bu qin wen ,fei zhen neng hao xue zhe ye 。li ming yi ,er huo bu da yu shi ;shi qi da yi ,er huo bu zhi qi xi ,she wen ,qi zuo jue yan ?
xian yu ji zhe ,wen yan yi po qi yi ,suo wei “jiu you dao er zheng ”ye 。bu ru ji zhe ,wen yan yi qiu yi de ,suo wei “yi neng wen yu bu neng ,yi duo wen yu gua ”ye 。deng yu ji zhe ,wen yan yi zi qie cuo ,suo wei jiao xiang wen nan (nàn),shen wen er ming bian zhi ye 。《shu 》bu yun hu ?“hao wen ze yu 。”meng zi lun :“qiu fang xin ”,er bing cheng yue “xue wen zhi dao ”,xue ji ji yi wen ye 。zi si yan “zun de xing ”,er gui yu “dao wen xue ”,wen qie xian yu xue ye 。
gu zhi ren xu zhong le shan ,bu ze shi er wen yan ,bu ze ren er wen yan ,qu qi you yi yu shen er yi 。shi gu kuang fu zhi yan ,sheng ren ze zhi ,zuo zuo (ráo)zhi wei ,xian min xun zhi ,shun yi tian zi er xun yu pi fu ,yi da zhi er cha ji zuo yan ,fei gou wei qian ,cheng qu shan zhi hong ye 。san dai er xia ,you xue er wu wen ,peng you zhi jiao ,zhi yu quan shan gui guo zu yi ,qi yi yi li xiang zi fang ,zi zi yan wei jin xiu shi ji ,wei zhi duo jian ye ,kuang liu su hu ?
shi ji er fei ren ,su zhi tong bing 。xue you wei da ,qiang yi wei zhi ;li you wei an ,wang yi yi du 。ru shi ,ze zhong shen ji wu ke wen zhi shi 。xian yu ji zhe ,ji zhi er bu yuan wen yan ;bu ru ji zhe ,qing zhi er bu xie wen yan ;deng yu ji zhe ,zuo xiázhi er bu gan wen yan ,ru shi ,ze tian xia ji wu ke wen zhi ren 。ren bu zu fu yi ,shi wu ke yi yi ,ci wei shi xin zi yong er 。fu zi yong ,qi xiao zhe ye ;zi zhi qi lou er jin hu qi shi ,ning shi xue zhong bu jin ,bu yu xu yi xia ren ,ci wei hai yu xin shu zhe da ,er dao zhi zhe chang shi zhi ba jiu 。
bu ran ,ze suo wen fei suo xue yan :xun tian xia zhi yi wen bi shi yi kuai yan lun ;shen qie xin zhi suo yi ming zhe ,wen zhi ren yi shi qi neng ,shi zhi zhi nan jie zhe ,wen zhi ren yi qiong qi duan 。er fei shi zhe ,sui you qie yu shen xin xing ming zhi shi ,ke yi shou qu shan zhi yi ,qiu yi qu ji yan er bu ke de ye 。zuo hu !xue zhi suo yi bu neng ji (jī)yu gu zhe ,fei ci zhi you hu ?
qie fu bu hao wen zhe ,you xin bu neng xu ye ;xin zhi bu xu ,you hao xue zhi bu cheng ye 。yi fei bu qian xin zhuan li zhi gu ,qi xue fei gu ren zhi xue ,qi hao yi fei gu ren zhi hao ye ,bu neng wen yi ye 。
zhi zhe qian lv ,bi you yi shi 。sheng ren suo bu zhi ,wei bi bu wei yu ren zhi suo zhi ye ;yu ren zhi suo neng ,wei bi fei sheng ren zhi suo bu neng ye 。li wu zhuan zai ,er xue wu zhi jing ye ,ran ze wen ke shao ye ?《zhou li 》,wai chao yi xun wan min ,guo zhi zheng shi shang wen ji shu ren ,shi gu gui ke yi wen jian ,xian ke yi wen bu xiao ,er lao ke yi wen you ,wei dao zhi suo cheng er yi yi 。
kong wen zi bu chi xia wen ,fu zi xian zhi 。gu ren yi wen wei mei de ,er bing bu jian qi you ke chi ye ,hou zhi jun zi fan zheng yi wen wei chi ,ran ze gu ren suo shen chi zhe ,hou shi qie xing zhi er bu yi wei chi zhe duo yi ,bei fu !
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