圣王在上,而民不冻饥者,非能耕而食之,织而衣之也,为开其资财之道也。故尧、禹有九年之水,汤有七年之旱,而国亡捐瘠者,以畜积多而备先具也。今海内为一,土地人民之众不避汤、禹,加以亡天灾数年之水旱,而畜积未及者,何也?地有遗利,民有余力,生谷之土未尽垦,山泽之利未尽出也,游食之民未尽归农也。
民贫,则奸邪生。贫生于不足,不足生于不农,不农则不地著,不地著则离乡轻家,民如鸟兽。虽有高城深池,严法重刑,犹不能禁也。夫寒之于衣,不待轻暖;饥之于食,不待甘旨;饥寒至身,不顾廉耻。人情一日不再食则饥,终岁不制衣则寒。夫腹饥不得食,肤寒不得衣,虽慈母不能保其子,君安能以有其民哉?明主知其然也,故务民于农桑,薄赋敛,广畜积,以实仓廪,备水旱, 故民可得而有也。
民者,在上所以牧之,趋利如水走下,四方无择也。夫珠玉金银,饥不可食,寒不可衣,然而众贵之者,以上用之故也。其为物轻微易藏,在于把握,可以周海内而无饥寒之患。此令臣轻背其主,而民易去其乡,盗贼有所劝,亡逃者得轻资也。粟米布帛生于地,长于时,聚于力,非可一日成也。数石之重,中人弗胜,不为奸邪所利;一日弗得而饥寒至。是故明君贵五谷而贱金玉。
今农夫五口之家,其服役者不下二人,其能耕者不过百亩,百亩之收不过百石。春耕,夏耘,秋获,冬藏,伐薪樵,治官府,给徭役;春不得避风尘,夏不得避署热,秋不得避阴雨,冬不得避寒冻,四时之间,无日休息。又私自送往迎来,吊死问疾,养孤长幼在其中。勤苦如此,尚复被水旱之灾,急政暴虐,赋敛不时,朝令而暮改。当具有者半贾而卖,无者取倍称之息;于是有卖田宅、鬻子孙以偿债者矣。而商贾大者积贮倍息,小者坐列贩卖,操其奇赢,日游都市,乘上之急,所卖必倍。故其男不耕耘,女不蚕织,衣必文采,食必粱肉;无农夫之苦,有阡陌之得。因其富厚,交通王侯,力过吏势,以利相倾;千里游遨,冠盖相望,乘坚策肥,履丝曳缟。此商人所以兼并农人,农人所以流亡者也。今法律贱商人,商人已富贵矣;尊农夫,农夫已贫贱矣。故俗之所贵,主之所贱也;吏之所卑,法之所尊也。上下相反,好恶乖迕,而欲国富法立,不可得也。
方今之务,莫若使民务农而已矣。欲民务农,在于贵粟;贵粟之道,在于使民以粟为赏罚。今募天下入粟县官,得以拜爵,得以除罪。如此,富人有爵,农民有钱,粟有所渫。夫能入粟以受爵,皆有余者也。取于有余,以供上用,则贫民之赋可损,所谓损有余、补不足,令出而民利者也。顺于民心,所补者三:一曰主用足,二曰民赋少,三曰劝农功。今令民有车骑马一匹者,复卒三人。车骑者,天下武备也,故为复卒。神农之教曰:“有石城十仞,汤池百步,带甲百万,而无粟,弗能守也。”以是观之,粟者,王者大用,政之本务。令民入粟受爵,至五大夫以上,乃复一人耳,此其与骑马之功相去远矣。爵者,上之所擅,出于口而无穷;粟者,民之所种,生于地而不乏。夫得高爵也免罪,人之所甚欲也。使天下人入粟于边,以受爵免罪,不过三岁,塞下之粟必多矣。
陛下幸使天下入粟塞下以拜爵,甚大惠也。窃窃恐塞卒之食不足用大渫天下粟。边食足以支五岁,可令入粟郡县矣;足支一岁以上,可时赦,勿收农民租。如此,德泽加于万民,民俞勤农。时有军役,若遭水旱,民不困乏,天下安宁;岁孰且美,则民大富乐矣。
sheng wang zai shang ,er min bu dong ji zhe ,fei neng geng er shi zhi ,zhi er yi zhi ye ,wei kai qi zi cai zhi dao ye 。gu yao 、yu you jiu nian zhi shui ,tang you qi nian zhi han ,er guo wang juan zuo zhe ,yi xu ji duo er bei xian ju ye 。jin hai nei wei yi ,tu di ren min zhi zhong bu bi tang 、yu ,jia yi wang tian zai shu nian zhi shui han ,er xu ji wei ji zhe ,he ye ?di you yi li ,min you yu li ,sheng gu zhi tu wei jin ken ,shan ze zhi li wei jin chu ye ,you shi zhi min wei jin gui nong ye 。
min pin ,ze jian xie sheng 。pin sheng yu bu zu ,bu zu sheng yu bu nong ,bu nong ze bu di zhu ,bu di zhu ze li xiang qing jia ,min ru niao shou 。sui you gao cheng shen chi ,yan fa zhong xing ,you bu neng jin ye 。fu han zhi yu yi ,bu dai qing nuan ;ji zhi yu shi ,bu dai gan zhi ;ji han zhi shen ,bu gu lian chi 。ren qing yi ri bu zai shi ze ji ,zhong sui bu zhi yi ze han 。fu fu ji bu de shi ,fu han bu de yi ,sui ci mu bu neng bao qi zi ,jun an neng yi you qi min zai ?ming zhu zhi qi ran ye ,gu wu min yu nong sang ,bao fu lian ,guang xu ji ,yi shi cang zuo ,bei shui han , gu min ke de er you ye 。
min zhe ,zai shang suo yi mu zhi ,qu li ru shui zou xia ,si fang wu ze ye 。fu zhu yu jin yin ,ji bu ke shi ,han bu ke yi ,ran er zhong gui zhi zhe ,yi shang yong zhi gu ye 。qi wei wu qing wei yi cang ,zai yu ba wo ,ke yi zhou hai nei er wu ji han zhi huan 。ci ling chen qing bei qi zhu ,er min yi qu qi xiang ,dao zei you suo quan ,wang tao zhe de qing zi ye 。su mi bu bo sheng yu di ,chang yu shi ,ju yu li ,fei ke yi ri cheng ye 。shu shi zhi zhong ,zhong ren fu sheng ,bu wei jian xie suo li ;yi ri fu de er ji han zhi 。shi gu ming jun gui wu gu er jian jin yu 。
jin nong fu wu kou zhi jia ,qi fu yi zhe bu xia er ren ,qi neng geng zhe bu guo bai mu ,bai mu zhi shou bu guo bai shi 。chun geng ,xia yun ,qiu huo ,dong cang ,fa xin zuo ,zhi guan fu ,gei zuo yi ;chun bu de bi feng chen ,xia bu de bi shu re ,qiu bu de bi yin yu ,dong bu de bi han dong ,si shi zhi jian ,wu ri xiu xi 。you si zi song wang ying lai ,diao si wen ji ,yang gu chang you zai qi zhong 。qin ku ru ci ,shang fu bei shui han zhi zai ,ji zheng bao nue ,fu lian bu shi ,chao ling er mu gai 。dang ju you zhe ban jia er mai ,wu zhe qu bei cheng zhi xi ;yu shi you mai tian zhai 、zuo zi sun yi chang zhai zhe yi 。er shang jia da zhe ji zhu bei xi ,xiao zhe zuo lie fan mai ,cao qi qi ying ,ri you du shi ,cheng shang zhi ji ,suo mai bi bei 。gu qi nan bu geng yun ,nv bu can zhi ,yi bi wen cai ,shi bi liang rou ;wu nong fu zhi ku ,you zuo mo zhi de 。yin qi fu hou ,jiao tong wang hou ,li guo li shi ,yi li xiang qing ;qian li you zuo ,guan gai xiang wang ,cheng jian ce fei ,lv si ye zuo 。ci shang ren suo yi jian bing nong ren ,nong ren suo yi liu wang zhe ye 。jin fa lv jian shang ren ,shang ren yi fu gui yi ;zun nong fu ,nong fu yi pin jian yi 。gu su zhi suo gui ,zhu zhi suo jian ye ;li zhi suo bei ,fa zhi suo zun ye 。shang xia xiang fan ,hao e guai zuo ,er yu guo fu fa li ,bu ke de ye 。
fang jin zhi wu ,mo ruo shi min wu nong er yi yi 。yu min wu nong ,zai yu gui su ;gui su zhi dao ,zai yu shi min yi su wei shang fa 。jin mu tian xia ru su xian guan ,de yi bai jue ,de yi chu zui 。ru ci ,fu ren you jue ,nong min you qian ,su you suo zuo 。fu neng ru su yi shou jue ,jie you yu zhe ye 。qu yu you yu ,yi gong shang yong ,ze pin min zhi fu ke sun ,suo wei sun you yu 、bu bu zu ,ling chu er min li zhe ye 。shun yu min xin ,suo bu zhe san :yi yue zhu yong zu ,er yue min fu shao ,san yue quan nong gong 。jin ling min you che qi ma yi pi zhe ,fu zu san ren 。che qi zhe ,tian xia wu bei ye ,gu wei fu zu 。shen nong zhi jiao yue :“you shi cheng shi zuo ,tang chi bai bu ,dai jia bai wan ,er wu su ,fu neng shou ye 。”yi shi guan zhi ,su zhe ,wang zhe da yong ,zheng zhi ben wu 。ling min ru su shou jue ,zhi wu da fu yi shang ,nai fu yi ren er ,ci qi yu qi ma zhi gong xiang qu yuan yi 。jue zhe ,shang zhi suo shan ,chu yu kou er wu qiong ;su zhe ,min zhi suo zhong ,sheng yu di er bu fa 。fu de gao jue ye mian zui ,ren zhi suo shen yu ye 。shi tian xia ren ru su yu bian ,yi shou jue mian zui ,bu guo san sui ,sai xia zhi su bi duo yi 。
bi xia xing shi tian xia ru su sai xia yi bai jue ,shen da hui ye 。qie qie kong sai zu zhi shi bu zu yong da zuo tian xia su 。bian shi zu yi zhi wu sui ,ke ling ru su jun xian yi ;zu zhi yi sui yi shang ,ke shi she ,wu shou nong min zu 。ru ci ,de ze jia yu wan min ,min yu qin nong 。shi you jun yi ,ruo zao shui han ,min bu kun fa ,tian xia an ning ;sui shu qie mei ,ze min da fu le yi 。
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